As a simplified version Arduino can be introduced to some novel people to hardware, micro controller, electronic,computer field as a mini computer. It is 100% not true. But lets just stick to it now. So just like a normal computer you have everything there. A memory, hard disk, usb connections, CPU like all of them.
But when it comes to micro controllers one thing not as normal computing is everything is micro-ed. :D. Meaning you have RAM but not as a large one like 4GB. You have only 2KB or so. You dont have 500GB hard disk. Instead you have 40 KB flash memory. Yeah , it may seem not enough. But when it comes to micro things like sensor works, robotics it is more than enough. :)
Micro Controller is a small computer like thingy which is embedded in an IC (Integrated Circuit). Lets just leave it at that. Arduino is a micro controlled platform where you can connect with external components like usb, sensors, motors. Arduino is an open source platform which was initiated by some Itallian fellows for an art project. You can read the history of Arduino in the wiki also. How ever now it has expanded its wings and now it can build robots also.
Arduino is piece of electronic junk with out its software .Arduino software is his soul mate. Together they live or without they die, in this case not function. You can plug your Arduino board to you computer, run Arduino software there and upload it to the Arduino board and viola. Arduino is live it can do stuff.
You can get to know about more on Arduino from its official site and wiki.
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